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Termites are eusocial insects which are classified in the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in another sequence from cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during the Triassic.

Approximately 3,106 species are currently described, with a few hundred more left to be described. Although these insects are often called"white ants", they are not ants. .

Like ants and a few bees and wasps in the distinct order Hymenoptera, termites split labour among castes consisting of sterile male and female"workers" and"soldiers". All colonies have fertile men called"kings" and one or more fertile females known as"queens". Termites chiefly feed on dead plant material and cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, dirt, or animal dung.

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Termites are among the most prosperous groups of insects on Earth, colonising most landmasses except Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a couple hundred individuals to enormous societies using many million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with a few queens allegedly living up to 30 to 50 decades.

Colonies are described as superorganisms since the termites form a part of a self-regulating entity: the colony itself. .

Termites are a delicacy in the diet of several human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines. A couple hundred species are economically significant as pests that can cause serious damage to buildings, plants, or plantation forests. Some species, like the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are regarded as invasive species. .

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The infraorder name Isoptera comes from the Greek words iso (equivalent ) and ptera (winged), which refers to the nearly equivalent size of their fore and hind wings.2"Termite" derives from the Latin and Late Latin word termes ("woodworm, white ant"), modified from the influence of Latin terere ("to rub, wear, erode") from the prior word tarmes.

The external appearance of this giant northern termite Mastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of their close relationship between termites and cockroaches.

Termites were formerly placed in the order Isoptera. As early as 1934 suggestions were made they were closely linked to wood-eating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach) based on the similarity of their symbiotic gut flagellates.6 In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that theory emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted comparable morphological characteristics between some termites and Cryptocercus nymphs.7 In 2008 DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences8 affirmed the position of termites being nested within the evolutionary tree containing the order Blattodea, which included that the cockroaches.910 The cockroach genus Cryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sister-group to termites.1112 Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and societal features: for example, most cockroaches do not display social attributes, but Cryptocercus takes good care of its young and exhibits other societal behaviour like trophallaxis and allogrooming.13 Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus.914 Some investigators have suggested a more conservative step of retaining the termites as the Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which averts the classification of termites at family level and under.15 Termites have long been accepted to be closely associated with cockroaches and mantids, and they're categorized in the same superorder (Dictyoptera).1617.

The earliest unambiguous termite fossils date look these up to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and ancient fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and such insects, they probably originated earlier in the Jurassic or Triassic.181920 Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from the morphological similarity to modern termite-eating mammals.21 The oldest termite nest detected is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in West Texas, in which the oldest known faecal pellets were discovered.22 Claims that termites emerged earlier have faced controversy.

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Weesner indicated that the Mastotermitidae termites may return to the late Permian, 251 million years ago,23 and fossil wings that have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of their Mastotermitidae, the toughest living termite, have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas.24 It is even possible that the very first termites emerged during the Carboniferous.25 The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern.24 Krishna et al., though, click for source consider that each one of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and should be excluded out of the Isoptera.26 The crude giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroach-like attributes which are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings.27 Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagidae.28 Termites are sometimes called"white ants" but the only resemblance to the review ants is because of their sociality that's due to convergent evolution2930 with termites being the first social insects to evolve a caste system more than 100 million years ago.31 Termite genomes are generally comparatively large compared to that of other insects; the first completely sequenced termite genome, of Zootermopsis nevadensis, which was published in the journal Nature Communications, consists of roughly 500Mb,32 while 2 subsequently released genomes, Macrotermes natalensis and Cryptotermes secundus, are considerably larger at around 1.3Gb.3330.